GSM Communication System

GSM Communication System 1).Introduction: GSM (Global System for mobile communication) is a term known world wide for the digital cellular communication. In 1982 this term was introduced by the CEPT. It created a group, Groupe Special Mobile(GSM), which was provided with the task to design a cellular system that can operate in the 900MHz frequency region. [1] In the early 1980s, most of the telephone systems were analog rather than digital. This had a lot of disadvantages because it was unable to handle the increasing number of customers in a cost effective manner. As a result the digital technology was introduced which would be helpful in increasing the capacity of handling the customers. The GSM network was started in 1992, and in 1993 more than one million subscribers made calls through GSM networks. In the beginning, the GSM network was popular in Europe, but started to spread itself outside Europe. [1] The majority of the GSM networks operate in the 900MHz band, but some operate in 1800MHz band too like (GSM1800) PCN, (DCS1800), and in the United States 1900MHz band (GSM 1900). The basic architecture of these systems is identical but they differ only in the radio frequencies used. [1] There are about 380 million subscribers of the GSM technology in all the three frequency bands(900 MHz, 1800 MHz, 1900 MHz). In total there are 373 networks in 142 countries in operation. The GSM technology has been a revelation as it has made wireless communication easily accessible. 2).The GSM network: The GSM network is divided into three different parts: [2] The switching system(SS) The base station system(BSS) The operation and support system(OSS) 2.1).The switching system: The switching system is responsible for performing call processing and subscriber related functions. [2] 2.2).The base station system: It is responsible for performing all radio related functions. It consist of base station controller(BSC) and base transceiver station(BTS). [2] 2.2.1).BSC: The BSC provides all the control functions and physical links between the MSC and BTS. It is a high-capacity switch that provides functions such as handover, cell configuration data, and control of radio frequency (RF) power levels in base transceiver stations. A number of BSC are served by an MSC. [2] 2.2.2).BTS: The BTS handles the radio interface to the mobile station. The BTS is the radio equipment (transceivers and antennas) needed to service each cell in the network. A group of BTS are controlled by a BSC. [2] 2.3).The operation and support system: The operations and maintenance centre (OMC) is connected to all equipment in the switching system and to the BSC. The implementation of OMC is called the operation and support system (OSS). The OSS is the functional part from which the network operator and controls the system. The purpose of OSS is to offer the customer cost-effective support for centralized, regional, and local operational and maintenance activities that are required for a GSM network. An important function of OSS is to provide a network overview and support the maintenance activities of different operation and maintenance organizations. [2] 3).Multiple accessing techniques: There are different major multiple accessing techniques in GSM, but we will describe just two of them: 3.1). Frequency division multiple access (FDMA): FDMA is one of the most widely used multiple access techniques. In this technique, the frequency band is divided in to channels of equal bandwidth so that the conversation is carried on different frequencies. In FDMA, one specific frequency is allotted to every caller. This cause overload situations in case of high demands. The channel bandwidth is narrow usually 30KHz. [2] FDMA systems include C-Netz. In C-Netz, two frequency bands of 4.44MHz are further divided into 222 individual communication channels at 20 KHz bandwidth. The hardware components in FDMA are simple, but still each channel needs its own transceiving unit. Also, the tolerance required for the high-frequency network and the linearity of the amplifier in the transmitter stage of the base station are high. It is because a large number of channels need to be amplified and transmitted together. [1] 3.1.1). Advantages: [4] No network timing is required. Channel assignment is simple. 3.1.2). Disadvantages: [4] Power levels must be closely checked to obtain efficient use of transponder RF output power. Inter-modulation difficulties require power back-off as the number of RF carrier increase. 3.2). Time division multiple access (TDMA): Time Division Multiple Access or TDMA is a method used to enable multiple stations to transmit on the same frequency but on different time slots. TDMA systems alleviated the channel capacity issue by dividing a single radio channel into timeslots and then allocating a timeslot to a user. TDMA system have three timeslots per channel. To use these timeslots, the analog voice has to be converted to digital. [3] A digital wireless transmission technology, TDMA is used by the digital system Global System for Moblile Communications as a cellular phone technology to fit more cellular users, in sequence, on a single radio without interference from other callers. This form of technology is called multiplexing. A call is placed and sounds are digitized and then the information is broken into data packets which given a unique time assignment. TDMA systems operate in either the 800-MHz or 1900-MHz frequency bands. 3.2.1).Advantages: [4] Shares single carrier frequency with multiple users. Slots can be assigned on demand. Less stringent power control due to reduced inter-user interference. 3.2.2).Disadvantages: [4] Higher synchronization overhead. Equalization necessary for high data rates. Slot allocation complexity. Interference with other devices. 4). Summary: In this report we have tried to cover the basic principles of GSM technology. We explained the basic architecture of GSM along with the multiple accessing techniques involved. We also tried to discuss the advantages and disadvantages of each accessing technique.

Integrated research Essay

Introduction A family comprises of mother, father, children, grandparents and others united together by blood or adoption. A family results from a marriage. Family structures are built through marriage and that is why it is said that proper marriages lead to proper families . The family functions that are outlined in marriage settings are almost similar and that the challenges that are experienced in the marriage are those challenges that will eventually impact negatively on the family. This research will outline various challenges that marriage as a practical identity possesses and their eventual implications in the family. Marriage Marriage can be defined as the interpersonal relationship between most commonly a man and woman who are united legally via social, religious are or governmental recognition. There are different types of marriages; †¢ Arranged marriages-this is where marriage partners are chosen by the society e. g. monarchies †¢ Boston marriage-marriage between two partners not necessarily for sex e. g. between two women. †¢ Common-law marriage- involves a class of interpersonal status where people united by a common believe on marriage law marry on that basis †¢ Digital marriage-a kind of marriage where two people with no connection in their ‘gaming’ lives come together within a virtual community and declare that they are married †¢ Covenant marriage- in this case two people come together as partners in union and make a long life commitment for the marriage. Divorce is made more difficult here. In some jurisdictions, the legal concept of marriage has been recently expanded to emerging social beliefs such as same sex marriages. Marriages are considered part and parcel human stage of life and most people believe that at one point in their lives they should get married. People marry for different reasons ranging from; to achieve social and economic stability, to have and nurture children, to form a family unit and finally to legitimize sexual relations. Marriage is considered the main factor and the pillar of a family. Better families result from better marriages as the people involved are given enough guidance to form the next generation of the family. The persons in the family learn good values and teachings from their parents hence this will ensure that any subsequent marriages are strong and stable. Contemporary critics also suggest that modern marriages have become extremely very disadvantageous for women. When it comes to economic or social considerations, women do not compare with women. Contrastingly, the continued bias towards women will mean that in the near future, mean will be on the other side of the fence-where women were in the last century. This is evident from the fact that modern policies and divorce laws have been specifically designed to protect women. However, with the emergence of same sex rights, the situation will be more complicated due to the legal prohibitions and social taboos that deny the practices full recognition. Loss Loss of one of the marriage partner leads to termination of the marriage . Loss may result form death, divorce or any other factor that will mean that one of them is left alone. This is usually disastrous for the family setting where one parent or spouse is left alone to meet all the family requirements, in a case where the children still young and need to be taken care in terms of education provision, health, love, shelter etc. Grief usually results from loss and it is very various legal systems and societal family arrangements offer different legal directions and guidance on handling properties (finances, assets etc. ) developed by the couple incase one dies or incase of a divorce. Some cultures believe that both the wife and the husband are entitled to equal property rights. Other societies also prohibit children especially the girls from inheriting the family’s assets including land. A widow may also lose family property if she decides to remarry. Partners in a marriage are jointly responsible and liable for the debts of the marriage practice and therefore if there is any misunderstanding on the responsibility of the same, then, it might be solved on an individual basis. The era of the myth ‘doctrine of necessities’ where the husband remains the sole provider for the family is gone. Today, all partners in the marriage share responsibilities equally depending on the income generation level of each.

The Symbolism and Narration of Amy Tan’s “Two Kinds”

Amy Tan demonstrates a child’s struggle for identity in her story â€Å"Two Kinds†. This essay analyses the writing techniques Tan uses in order to express the struggle between parent and child; in which the child is struggling to have her own identity. Typical in Asian cultures, Tan describes the parents’ desire for a child prodigy through strict discipline and expected child obedience. Living in America exposes Jing-mei to American influence. Jing-mei’s mother however spent the majority of her life in China, and expects her child to behave as she would had she been raised in China. This essay depicts American cultural influence as one way to explain Jing-mei and her mother’s contrasting views; the main idea of this essay however is to demonstrate Tan’s use of symbolism and narration to depict the traditional struggle between parent and child. Amy Tan uses the main character, Jing-mei to represent the typical American pre-teen who is determined to break free from her mother’s uncontrollable need to make her a prodigy. Jing-mei is a rounded main character which the reader is able to watch grow emotionally throughout the story; her need to be herself and defend her position is an important theme throughout â€Å"Two Kinds†. Tan uses the first person narration to draw the reader in personally to JIng-mei and what she is experiencing. The reader can hear Jing-mei’s thoughts and disappointments. The minor character, Jing-mei’s mother, is a flat character in comparison to her daughter. The reader is unable to really know what the mother is thinking because of Tan’s use of second person narration. To help the reader understand the mother’s actions, Tan describes the mother’s history briefly discussed within the first page of the story. Using an important writing technique, Tan gives the reader a look into the mother’s painful history; enough for the reader to understand the mother’s motives as they watch her drill her daughter on popular American trivia facts and not stopping even after Jeing-mei protests. The opening line of â€Å"Two Kinds† is especially important to understanding the mother’s motives. Jing-mei, the narrator tells the audience, â€Å"my mother believed you could be anything you wanted to be in America† (468). This sentence describes the hopes and dreams of Jing-mei’s mother. Tan goes on to explain the mother’s perception of America; she believes America is the answer to all their problems. The readers are not told what happened to her remaining family in China, but it resulted in death and that is enough for the reader to sympathize with the mother and her controlling behavior. The narrator, JIng-mei, gives the audience an understanding of the mother’s motives; this understanding is important in order for Tan to communicate her message of a daughter-mother relationship. The reader has the advantage of knowing the mother’s reasoning for pushing Jing-mei to be the best; Jing-mei however, does not. By using first person narration, the reader experiences Jing-mei’s frustration at being made to perform against her will. In the beginning of â€Å"Two Kinds† however, Jing-mei is excited at the prospect of being famous. Jing-mei thinks, â€Å"in all of my imaginings, I was filled with a sense that I would soon be perfect;† the reader almost feels sorry for the little girl; for many adults can sympathize. Many people can remember a time of innocence when they thought they could do anything, that they could be the perfect child their parents imagined them to be. This need to fill a parent’s high expectations is cause for harsh disappointment as Jing-mei discovers. After witnessing her mother’s disappointment; anger begins to burn inside Jing-mei at having to perform ridiculous tests. This rage turns to an inner protest; Tan portrays this rebellion as Jing-mei’s disinterest in test questions. Even after her mother goes through trouble of trading house cleaning for piano lessons, Jing-mei puts in minimal effort. This child rebellion is common in American children; rather than risking being a disappointment, Jing-mei protects her feelings by acting as if she doesn’t care. Tan writes of Jing-mei’s private protest, â€Å"so now on nights when my mother presented her tests, I performed listlessly, my head propped on one arm. I pretended to be bored. And I was† (470). Jing-mei became her own prodigy. The story’s title, â€Å"Two Kinds†, is a description of the theme of the story. The title of Tan’s story is a symbol of the two generations and two cultures depicted in â€Å"Two Kinds†. The mother is from China, with Chinese traditions and Jing-mei was raised in America, influenced by America’s culture; where children had more say and questioned their parents’ judgments as Jing-mei finally did when she accused her mother of wanting her to be a genius. There is a distinct gap between mother and daughter as seen in both generational and cultural differences. The most important use of symbolism in â€Å"Two Kinds† is the piano. The piano becomes the link between Jing-mei and her mother; although this is not clear to Jing-mei during childhood. Jing-mei is angered by being forced to play the piano and purposely doesn’t take it serious; much like the way Jing-mei does not take her mothers dreams for a prodigy serious. Underlying the rebellion Jing-mei demonstrates during her piano lessons; she finds the chance to play in a talent show exiting; her excitement reveals that small part of her that still wants to please her mother and be the little prodigy her mother hopes for. Jing-mei describes her childish excitement to make her mother proud, she says, â€Å"When my turn came, I was very confident. I remember my childish excitement. It was as if I knew, without a doubt, that the prodigy side of me really did exist† (474). Tan accurately portrays a child’s inner desire to please her parent, as she writes of Jing-mei’s sudden excitement. All Jing-mei’s protests were forgotten and she had a chance to make her mom proud. Tan’s narrative style allows the reader to see the full extent of Jing-mei’s emotional growth. The narrator is Jing-mei as an adult, looking back at this specific time of her childhood in refection. It isn’t until she is an adult that she can appreciate what her mother was trying to accomplish during her childhood. The narrator realized that everything changed after the disastrous recital. Her mother’s dreams seemed to fade after JIng-mei demonstrated what she had learned throughout her lessons. Tan showed a mother’s unconditional love for her child by the mother insisting that Jing-mei continue her lessons even after the recital fiasco. While it may seem that the mother was extremely controlling, making the child continue with lessons she did not want; the reader can interpret this as a mother who does not give up on her child; a mother who is determined to show her child that she can accomplish anything she puts her mind to. The piano remains a symbol for the relationship between Jing-mei and her mother. After things escalate and Jing-mei speaks out against her mother, wishing she weren’t her daughter, the piano remains unused. Tan uses this opportunity to fast forward to all the future disappointments she causes her mother.   The piano continues to be a link between mother and daughter when the mother asks Jing-mei to take it on her thirtieth birthday; and encourages her to try it again by complimenting on her quick learning ability. This opened the door to a new understanding in their relationship. All of a sudden the piano became a symbol of Jing-mei’s acceptance by her mother and herself. Jing-mei as an adult appreciates what her mother had done for her as a child. The fondness she suddenly has for the piano that brought her such frustration and embarrassment symbolizes the acceptance of herself and of the truth behind her mother’s pushy but well meaning behavior. The piano symbolizes the mother-daughter bond which is tested during childhood but strengthens in time with understanding. In conclusion, Tan uses first person narration to give the reader a more intimate experience with the characters. The symbolism used in â€Å"Two Kinds† portrays the classic struggle between mother and daughter; a daughter seeking her own identity and a mother wanting the best for her daughter. â€Å"Two Kinds† addresses the pain that family can bring upon one another but also the forgiveness and understanding that can be reached between loved ones.         

Feminism In Shakespeares Othello - 1346 Words

Mythily Thesomayananthan Ms.Zegarac ENG 4U0-C July 16, 2017 Feminism in Othello The male dominated society has hardly left any stone unturned in empowerment of women. Williams Shakespeare’s tragic play, Othello, reveals a detailed illustration of victimization of females in society. Throughout the play, the three women Desdemona, Emilia, and Bianca are rejected by their spouses, yet still cherish them completely. All three of the women are in an unbalanced marriage where the women in the relationships exert more feelings for their self-centered husband who are not able respond. As the males throughout the play create a downfall in a society that is somewhat caused by the lack†¦show more content†¦Brabantio encountered Othello for running away secretly with Desdemona without his approval, he accuses Othello of being a â€Å"foul their† as if Desdemona was his piece of property. Brabantio repeatedly insisted Othello had stolen his daughter as if she were a valuable object as he states â€Å"O, thou foul thief, where hast thou stowed my dau ghter?† (1.2.80-81). As Iago speaks to Brabantio and plants the idea of loss of power into Brabantio’s mind. Iago cautions him saying, â€Å"Your heart is burst, you have lost half your soul† (1.1 88-90). This quote highlights the fact that in Elizabethan society, Brabantio, like other fathers, considered Desdemona’s body to be his possession. Brabantio attempts to separate the couple as he believes he has control over her whether he wants to give away his daughter or not. Desdemona even points out that her mother chose Brabantio over her father. Despite her ability to argue for her marriage, Desdemona is still seen as owing to either Brabantio or Othello. Both Brabantio and Othello were worried about the loss of control and authority over the female desires when both individuals want to keep the possession to themselves. 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